Machine architecture, instruction set, addressing modes of chooses machine, arithmetic and logic operations and floating - point operations, C Programming review of syntax of C with emphasis on features like pointers, bit operations, Pre - processors files, Programming example of text handling file management, interface and device drivers programming in C.

DOS, Introduction to interrupts, software interrupts, interrupts call from C, internal structure of DOS, COM & EXE program's, BIOS memory resident programs, Running batch files.

Assemblers, Cross assemblers, two assembler design, data structure and algorithms.

Macro processors, Definitions, nested macro definitions, macro expansion and conditional macro expansion.

Linking, loading and relocation, static and dynamic linking, loading and relocation Editors, Debuggers, Programming environments.